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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Offline services}}
An '''offline service area''' is one that is not immediately adjacent to the road it is serving, so motorists have to negotiate a junction in order to access it. This design became very common in the late 1980s and 1990s and continues to be seen in proposals today.

{{#ifeq:{{SERVERNAME}}|motorwayservices.uk|[[File:{{#setmainimage:M40 queues.jpg}}|250px|right|thumb|Queues at the exit for Cherwell Valley services. It was a badly designed junction, partly because it was designed around the service area.]]
For most people, service areas located at junctions will be associated with complicated and overloaded roundabout arrangements which, on a bad day, can turn a brief stop into a long detour. Even the Department for Transport's own [[MSA Policy|policy]] acknowledges that service areas at junctions are less popular with drivers, and risk congestion.

==Rise and Fall==
When the first motorways opened, the Ministry of Transport never ruled out the option of building service areas at a junction, but rarely considered it because they were nervous about adding traffic to the motorway junctions. They also made a point that as most motorway roundabouts were built above the motorway, to bring a service station up to that level would require a significant investment (at the time, the Ministry paid for all the roads within service stations).

At [[Severn View|Aust]] and [[London Gateway|Scratchwood]] there were simply no other suitable locations, so those service areas were allowed to be built at junctions. [[Gordano]] and [[Exeter]] soon joined this category, but all other service areas were built in the conventional [[online]] style. Many of these roundabout sites had unusual extra signs, as both the regulations and drivers weren't sure how to handle them.

===Changing Priorities===
[[File:A-road white panel.jpg|250px|thumb|right|alt=A614 sign.|There is a theory that compiling a service area with a junction is safer. It's definitely less destructive.]]
By the 1980s, highway engineering policy began to place less emphasis on traffic flow and more on environmental considerations. Local authorities became more influential and they wanted service areas to be small and ideally part of the existing urban area. In addition, many operators had highlighted the point that they preferred service areas at junctions because they were cheaper to build and run, meaning they would be paying more rent. This was underlined by the [[Prior Report]] of 1978.

There was also a theory that offline service areas were safer. What makes new roads safe is that they have very few exits. Building new exits creates new safety risks that will be avoided if you merely build the service area at an existing junction. That theory is true, until the existing junction becomes dangerously overloaded.

The opening of the M25 was a turning point for this. In the years leading up to the M25, the Department for Transport had struggled to generate interest in new service areas. The completion of the M25 was rushed, and it and the surrounding roads needed new service areas urgently. To avoid battles over green belt land and complicated studies in to how new service areas would affect traffic flow, almost every service area built during this period was built at a junction. The busier the junction, the better: operators were less hesitant if they knew they'd get a lot of trade.

It was during this period that [[South Mimms]], [[Birchanger Green]] and [[Thurrock]] were designed, three of the most controversial service areas in terms of traffic congestion. This revealed the [[same-side multiplier]] effect for service areas which are too hard to get to.

This became even more common after 1992, when service areas became privately planned. Developers almost exclusively considered junction sites because they were much cheaper to build and easier to manage. That's because everything only has to be built once, and you don't get the situation where one side is busy while the other side is quiet. Junction sites are also more likely (but not guaranteed) to be closer to existing development, making it easier to connect the electricity, water and waste service areas, and easier to get through the planning process - some new service areas were tied into new business parks or industrial estates, meaning it was already accepted that something was going to be built there.

Developers would sweeten the deal by paying for minor improvements to the junction, which would win over cash-strapped councils. This is known in the trade as a "Section 106".

===Modern Perspective===
In 2008, the Highways Agency put a stop to this, by saying no more service areas should be built at junctions unless there is no other option available. They also clarified that they were paying attention to large developments selling fuel and refreshments close to motorways.

In 2013, under pressure to reduce their grip on the industry, they scaled this back and simply said that if there were two otherwise identical proposals, they would prefer the online option. However, there is nothing to force the offline option to be rejected. The new wording also described an offline service area as one "sharing a common boundary with the highway", implying that any new proposals for sites not directly alongside the motorway would not be allowed to be signed.

Since 2017, all of the major operators have started proposing new offline service areas. Some have been approved and others rejected. The wording was changed in 2022 to state that, if two sites were seeking approval to target the same traffic, and all other factors were equal except for the access, then the offline site "must" be rejected. The new rules also tried to bring offline sites under control, arguing that any roadside facility at a motorway junction must meet the [[Motorway service area#Requirements|requirements]] for a motorway service area.

==Variations==
[[Burtonwood]] and [[Northampton]] can both be regarded as offline service areas, but they started out as online ones: they had a motorway junction built around them.

There is a third design which falls into neither category, where the service areas take the design of an offline service area but are accessed via their own junction. This is an expensive attempt to get the best of both, with [[Cobham]] being the most well-known.

As the current regulations call for service area exits to be built to the same standard as ordinary junctions, and yet building at junctions is strongly discouraged, this layout is likely to remain popular for new motorway sites. [[Vale of York]] is one such example.

==Offline services==
[[File:Burtonwood westbound 8.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A sign explaining how to get around the junction to Burtonwood.]]
This section lists motorway service areas only.
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{{#dpl:debug=0|namespace=|noresultsheader = [[Category:Errors|R {{PAGENAME}}]]|category=Offline services|notcategory=Truckstops|notcategory=Planned Services
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==Ireland==
In Ireland, the phrase "offline services" is used publicly, with road signs saying "off-line services available".

Government-owned service areas are almost always of the [[online]] type, and private companies can't apply to have a motorway serve their own facility. Instead they can built their own facility at an existing motorway junction, and this gets signposted as a type of tourist attraction.

Unlike in the UK, Ireland has a rule that all offline service areas must be less than 500 metres away from the end of the nearest slip road. This avoids lengthy drivers (although exceptions can be made).

==Longest Drives==
[[File:Severn View services advance sign.jpg|250px|thumb|right|alt=M48 motorway gantry.|The sign at the exit for Severn View doesn't tell you it's another 9.7 miles away.]]
Having to do a long drive from the motorway to the service area itself is a common complaint from road users.

Below we have listed some of the worst offenders. There will be more service stations which may be frustrating to get to, but don't out-rank these in any category. You can tap the 'sort' buttons to find the worst offender in each category.

The 'distance' is measured from the motorway exit to the service area entrance. The 'impact on journey' compares the effect of visiting the service area with staying on the motorway. 'Traffic lights' counts the number of sets of traffic lights on the route in, including those on roundabouts and part-time signals. 'Roundabouts' only looks at the route into the service area.

A service area with a high 'distance' but low 'impact' may feel like it's far away, but it doesn't really affect your journey. A service area with a low 'distance' but high 'impact' may be easy to get in to, but hard to get out of. Only service areas which are signed at motorway exits are included, including a few dubious examples.

{{{!}} class="wikitable sortable"
! Service Area !! Maximum Distance From Motorway !! Maximum Impact On A Journey !! Traffic Lights !! Roundabouts !! Notes
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Severn View]]
{{!}} 9.7 miles (from M4 eastbound)
{{!}} 2.5 miles (to & from M4 westbound)
{{!}} 0
{{!}} 1
{{!}} It's not really an M4 service area. Distance is on a motorway so it doesn't add much time.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Lymm]]
{{!}} 1.5 miles (from M56 westbound)
{{!}} 2.3 miles (to & from M56 westbound)
{{!}} 1
{{!}} 2
{{!}} It's actually a truckstop. Complex interchange, mostly motorway so it doesn't add much time.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Leeming Bar]]
{{!}} 1.3 miles (from A1(M) southbound)
{{!}} 2.1 miles (to & from A1(M) southbound)
{{!}} 0
{{!}} 3
{{!}} The road junction was moved much further away. Distance is mostly on a fast road.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Thurrock]]
{{!}} 1.1 miles (from M25 clockwise)
{{!}} 1.6 miles (to & from M25 anti-clockwise)
{{!}} 4
{{!}} 2
{{!}} DoT decision to build here.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Scotch Corner]]
{{!}} 0.6 miles (from A1(M) northbound)
{{!}} 1.3 miles (to & from A1(M) northbound)
{{!}} 4
{{!}} 1
{{!}} 
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[South Mimms]]
{{!}} 1.0 miles (from M25 clockwise)
{{!}} 1.2 miles (to & from M25 clockwise)
{{!}} 6
{{!}} 2
{{!}} DoT decision to use this site.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Burtonwood]]
{{!}} 0.7 miles (from M62 westbound)
{{!}} 1.1 miles (to & from M62 westbound)
{{!}} 5
{{!}} 1
{{!}} Used to be direct access, then the two sides were merged.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Exeter]]
{{!}} 0.8 miles (from M5 southbound)
{{!}} 1.0 miles (to & from M5 southbound)
{{!}} 8
{{!}} 2
{{!}} DoT decision to build here.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Tamworth]]
{{!}} 0.8 miles (from M42 southbound)
{{!}} 0.8 miles (to & from M42 southbound)
{{!}} 5
{{!}} 2
{{!}} DfT took years and decided this was where they wanted it.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Ferrybridge]]
{{!}} 2.1 miles (from A1(M) southbound)
{{!}} 0.8 miles (to & from A1(M) northbound)
{{!}} 0
{{!}} 1
{{!}} The A1(M) is a new road and it was never meant to serve it.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Donington]]
{{!}} 2.4 miles (from M1 southbound)
{{!}} 0.7 miles (to & from M1 southbound)
{{!}} 6
{{!}} 2
{{!}} Site was approved on the basis that a better junction was going to be built.
{{!}}-
{{!}} [[Beaconsfield]]
{{!}} 0.7 miles (from M40 southbound)
{{!}} 0.7 miles (to & from M40 southbound)
{{!}} 4
{{!}} 2
{{!}} 
{{!}}}

In some respects this list is slightly unfair. A high mileage isn't so bad if it's on a fast road, like with Severn View or Lymm. Likewise traffic lights aren't a problem if they're all green. What really matters is journey time, but that's way too variable to record here.|
[[File:Burtonwood westbound 8.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A sign explaining how to get around the junction to {{GB|Burtonwood}}.]]
Unlike in the UK, in Ireland the phrase "offline services" is used publicly, with road signs saying "offline services available".

Official government-owned service areas are always of the [[online]] type, while private companies can't apply to have a motorway serve their own facility. Instead they can built their own facility at an existing motorway junction, and this gets signposted as a tourist attraction.

For Transport Infrastructure Ireland to recognise an offline service area, it must be less than 500 meters from the top of the furthest off-ramp of the junction, must provide parking for HGVs and cars (including long-stay), and must provide sanitary facilities 24 hours a day.

TII's policy also states that local authorities should avoid "a proliferation of service areas" at major junctions, that may cause confusion and congestion.

==UK Experience==
[[File:{{#setmainimage:M40 queues.jpg}}|250px|right|thumb|Queues for {{GB|Cherwell Valley|Cherwell Valley}} at M40 J10.]]
For many in the UK, offline services are associated with long queues and complicated roundabouts.

When the first motorways opened, the Ministry of Transport never ruled out the option of building service areas at a junction, but usually gave way to concerns about traffic at the junction. They also made a point that as most motorway roundabouts were built above the motorway, to bring a service station up to that level would require a significant investment (at the time, the Ministry paid for all the roads within service stations).

At {{GB|Severn View|Aust}} and {{GB|London Gateway|Scratchwood}} there were simply no other suitable locations, so those service areas were allowed to be built at junctions. {{GB|Gordano}} and {{GB|Exeter}} soon joined this category, but all other service areas were built in the conventional [[online]] style.

By the 1980s, highway engineering policy began to place less emphasis on traffic flow and more on environmental considerations. In addition, many operators had highlighted the point that they preferred service areas at junctions because they were cheaper to build and run, meaning they would pay more rent.

The opening of the M25 was a turning point for this. In the years leading up to the M25, the Department for Transport had struggled to generate interest in new service areas. The completion of the M25 was rushed, and it and the surrounding roads needed new service areas urgently. To avoid battles over green belt land and complicated studies in to how new service areas would affect traffic flow, almost every service area built during this period was built at a junction. The busier the junction, the better: operators were less hesitant if they knew they'd get a lot of trade.

It was during this period that {{GB|South Mimms|South Mimms}}, {{GB|Birchanger Green|Birchanger Green}} and {{GB|Thurrock}} were designed, three of the most controversial service areas in terms of traffic congestion.

This became even more common after 1992, when service areas became privately planned. Developers almost exclusively considered junction sites because they were much cheaper to build.

In 2008, the Highways Agency put a stop to this, by saying no more service areas should be built at junctions unless there is no other option available. In 2013, their wording was weakened, and they simply said that if there were two otherwise identical proposals, they would prefer the online option.

===Variations===
{{GB|Burtonwood}} and {{GB|Northampton}} can both be regarded as offline service areas, but they started out as online ones: they had a motorway junction built around them.

There is a third design which falls into neither category, where the service areas take the design of an offline service area but are accessed via their own junction. This is an expensive attempt to get the best of both, with {{GB|Cobham}} being the most well-known.

==Offline Services==
This lists motorway services recognised by Transport Infrastructure Ireland only.
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{{#dpl:debug=0|namespace=|noresultsheader = [[Category:Errors|R {{PAGENAME}}]]|notcategory=Truckstops|category=Offline services|category=Ireland|notcategory=A-roads|notcatgory=Special junction|notcategory=Planned Services
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[[Category:Types of Services]][[Category:Terminology]]
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